A major criticism that internalism raises against externalism is

Question 1

Your noetic structure concerns only those beliefs that are actually true.

Question 2

The motivation behind internalism is:

Question 3

David Hume was a:

Question 4

A major criticism that internalism raises against externalism is:

Question 5

Noetic structure refers to:

Question 6

Intellectual virtue is best described as:

Question 7

The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:

Question 8

Epistemic humility means the same thing that it means when applied to moral issues and questions.

Question 9

Virtue epistemology generally focuses on being intellectually virtuous as opposed to being absolutely certain.

Question 10

Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?

Question 11

If Robert thinks that the only way in this world for a person to know whether God exists is to have some kind of sensory experience of God, along with an active mind that is able to process, structure and arrange ones experiences in a way that makes sense to him, then Robert would be following Kant in thinking that:

Question 12

According to externalism, there is really no way to test if one’s memories are reliable, but, in the absence of defeaters, one is reasonable in holding that they are. True or false?

Question 13

When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:

Question 14

What is the point of Descartes’ evil demon argument?

Question 15

Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because

Question 16

Suppose a person is deeply concerned about whether her belief in God is rational. In order to make this determination, she reflects on the kind of evidence she thinks she has for God’s existence (e.g., the apparent design and beauty of the universe, the existence of other sentient beings, the almost universal acceptance of some degree of objective morality, etc.). In light of her awareness of, and access to, this potential evidence, she would be considered:

Question 17

Select the one below that does NOT belong : The justification of one’s beliefs is a matter that deals with.

Question 18

The virtue of studiousness does not take into account the proper motives for seeking knowledge. True of false?

Question 19

Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialis

Question 20

If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that

(Set:2)

Question 1

By “high accessibility requirements” the internalist means:

Question 2

The view in which the basing relationship between beliefs is deductive:

Question 3

Rene Descartes was a:

Question 4

According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.

Question 5

Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.

Question 6

For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.

Question 7

Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.

Question 8

The virtue of studiousness does not take into account the proper kinds of motives for seeking knowledge.

Question 9

Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.

Question 10

Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?

Question 11

What is the point of Descartes’ evil demon argument?

Question 12

According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.

Question 13

To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated expressions.

Question 14

When Larry claims definitely and dogmatically that he knows we cannot know anything at all, he is expressing:

Question 15

Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because

Question 16

Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.

Question 17

While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.

Question 18

Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism

Question 19

My belief is a justified belief if and only if it is, in fact, a true belief.

Question 20

Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

(Set:3)

• Question 1 3 out of 3 points

The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:

• Question 2 3 out of 3 points

According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.

• Question 3 3 out of 3 points

Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.

• Question 4 3 out of 3 points

The answers to the skeptical challenge suggested in the pointecast presentation include:

• Question 5 3 out of 3 points

Noetic structure refers to:

• Question 6 3 out of 3 points

Humility helps us fight against intellectual vices like pride and vanity that keep us from seeing the truth.

• Question 7 3 out of 3 points

Carefulness is an intellectual virtue that helps us:

• Question 8 3 out of 3 points

For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.

• Question 9 3 out of 3 points

The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:

• Question 10 3 out of 3 points

Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?

• Question 11 3 out of 3 points

Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.

• Question 12 3 out of 3 points

If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.

• Question 13 3 out of 3 points

One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.

• Question 14 3 out of 3 points

It is a commonly accepted fact that it is impossible to be certain about any belief

• Question 15 3 out of 3 points

Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

• Question 16 3 out of 3 points

Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighbourhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.

• Question 17

If a person thinks she has a moral responsibility to determine that any belief she holds is based on sufficient evidence, that is, evidence that strikes her as being based on indisputably good reasons or arguments, she is likely representing the epistemological position of

• Question 18

The problem with W. K. Clifford’s statement “It is wrong always, everywhere and

for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” is that:

• Question 19

When Larry claims definitely and dogmatically that he knows we cannot know anything at all, he is expressing:

• Question 20

Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.

(Set: 4)

Question 1

Christopher Columbus was convinced that he discovered a route to the East Indies because it lined up with his maps and the current beliefs of his day. However, he was wrong. This example demonstrates a problem with:

Question 2

Noetic structure refers to:

Question 3

The doxastic assumption is:

Question 4

According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.

Question 5

The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:

Question 6

Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?

Question 7

Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.

Question 8

Intellectual virtue is best described as:

Question 9

Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.

Question 10

Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.

Question 11

When the used car salesman tells Steve that the particular car he is considering purchasing has less than fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years old and looks a little worse for wear. In exhibiting this level of doubt, Steve is expressing:

Question 12

When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:

Question 13

According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT commonly given by philosophers as a reason for adopting some form of skepticism:

Question 15

To say that it is impossible to have knowledge is itself a claim to knowledge, and is for that reason a selfdefeating assertion.

Question 16

Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidential ism

Question 17

Externalism in epistemology is an approach to rationality which argues that

Question 18

While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.

Question 19

Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.

Question 20

Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

(Set: 5)

Question 1

When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.

Question 2

The motivation behind externalism is:

Question 3

Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.

Question 4

According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.

Question 5

The view in which the basing relationship between beliefs is deductive:

Question 6

Intellectual virtue is best described as:

Question 7

Aristotle thought that the virtues are present naturally in all people.

Question 8

The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:

Question 9

Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.

Question 10

Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?

Question 11

When Larry claims definitely and dogmatically that he knows we cannot know anything at all, he is expressing:

Question 12

According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.

Question 13

One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.

Question 14

If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.

Question 15

Robert is a scientist who firmly believes in empirical truths and the physical laws of causality (e.g. when he builds a fire in his fireplace, it will produce heat), but he expresses serious reservations about the rational credibility of whether there are objective moral virtues, such as goodness, or whether such a being as the traditional God of theism does in fact exist. In such a case, Robert is expressing a form of

Question 16

Coherentism in epistemology is a position which holds that a particular belief is justified for a person so long as that belief is consistent with everything else that person holds to be true.

Question 17

Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

Question 18

Suppose a person is deeply concerned about whether her belief in God is rational. In order to make this determination, she reflects on the kind of evidence she thinks she has for God’s existence (e.g., the apparent design and beauty of the universe, the existence of other sentient beings, the almost universal acceptance of some degree of objective morality, etc.). In light of her awareness of, and access to, this potential evidence, she would be considered:

Question 19

If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and fine-tuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has

Question 20

Coherentism is a position in epistemic justification which holds that

(Set:6)

Question 1  3 out of 3 points

According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.

Question 2   3 out of 3 points

Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.

Question 3  3 out of 3 polnts

The motivation behind internal ism is:

Question 4  3 out of 3 points

The motivation behind externalism is:

Question 5   3 out of 3 points

The answers to the skeptical challenge suggested in the pointecast presentation include:

Question 6  3 out of 3 polnts

Aristotle said that virtue is the “mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency.”

Question 7  3 out of 3 points

Carefulness is an intellectual virtue that helps us:

Question 8  3 out of 3 points

Virtue epistemologists think that intellectual virtues might helps us with the Gettier problem by:

Question 9  3 out of 3 points

Aristotle’s notion of happiness focused on:

Question 10  3 out of 3 points

The intellectual virtue of studiousness leads one to seek knowledge with the right kind of motives and desires.

Question 11  3 out of 3 points

When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:

Question 12 3 out of 3 points

Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.

Question 13  3 out of 3 points

One reason why certainty in knowledge is not likely a reasonable alternative to unmitigated scepticism is because

Question 14  3 out of 3 points

Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because

Question 15  3 out of 3 points

Sextus Empiricus adopted a version of Pyhrro’s skepticism mainly because he believed that

Question 16  3 out of 3 points

While Clifford’s form of evidential ism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.

Question 17   3 out of 3 points

If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and finetuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has

Question 18

Coherentism is a position in epistemic justification which holds that

Question 19

Select the one below that does NOT belong: The justification of one’s beliefs is a matter that deals with

Question 20  3 out of 3 points

Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.

(Set:7)

Question 1 The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:

Question 2 Clifford was a:

Question 3 

Karen says she doesn’t believe that you can ever have real knowledge. When asked if

she claims to know that as a fact, she says no, but she believes that is the case. What category would you place her in:

Question 4 A major criticism that internal ism raises against externalism is:

Question 5 David Hume was a:

Question 6 Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.

Question 7 For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.

Question 8 Intellectual courage helps us to:

Question 9 Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.

Question 10 Aristotle thought that the virtues are present naturally in all people.

Question 11 If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.

Question 12 Robert is a scientist who firmly believes in empirical truths and the physical laws of causality (e.g. when he builds a fire in his fireplace, it will produce heat), but he expresses serious reservations about the rational credibility of whether there are objective moral virtues, such as goodness, or whether such a being as the traditional God of theism does in fact exist. In such a case, Robert is expressing a form of

Question 13 To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated

expressions.

Question 14 When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:

Question 15 Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because

Question 16 If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and finetuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has

Question 17 If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that

Question 18 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to

evidential ism

Question 19 Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighbourhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.

Question 20 While Clifford’s form of evidential ism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.

(Set:8)

Question 1 Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.

Question 2 A major criticism that internal ism raises against externalism is:

Question 3 Clifford was a:

Question 4 When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.

Question 5 To say that a belief is defeasible is to say;

Question 6 The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:

Question 7 For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.

Question 8 Aristotle thought that the virtues are present naturally in all people.

Question 9 Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?

Question 10 Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.

Question 11 Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.

Question 12 According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.

Question 13 When the used car salesman tells Steve that the particular car he is considering

purchasing has less than fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit

skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years old and looks a little worse for wear. In exhibiting this level of doubt, Steve is expressing:

Question 14 Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.

Question 15 One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic

certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.

Question 16 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to

evidential ism

Question 17 Coherentism in epistemology is a position which holds that a particular belief is

justified for a person so long as that belief is consistent with everything else that person holds to be true.

Question 18 If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that

Question 19 Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

Question 20 According to reliabilism, in order for a person’s belief to be rational, that person

must at least:

(Set:9)

Question 1 Christopher Columbus was convinced that he discovered a route to the East Indies because it lined up with his maps and the current beliefs of his day. However, he was wrong. This example demonstrates a problem with:

Question 2 The doxastic assumption is:

Question 3 When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.

Question 4 By “high accessibility requirements” the internalist means:

Question 5 The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:

Question 6 Intellectual courage helps us to:

Question 7

Your noetic structure concerns only those beliefs that are actually true. True or false?

Question 8 Carefulness is an intellectual virtue that helps us:

Question 9 Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?

Question 10 For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.

Question 11 One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic

certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.

Question 12 If Robert thinks that the only way in this world for a person to know whether God exists is to have some kind of sensory experience of God, along with an active mind that is able to process, structure and arrange ones experiences in a way that makes sense to him, then Robert would be following Kant in thinking that:

Question 13 Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.

Question 14 Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.

Question 15 When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:

Question 16 According to reliabilism, in order for a person’s belief to be rational, that person

must at least:

Question 17 If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that

Question 18 Select the one below that does NOT belong: To suggest that a person’s approach to justification is internalist is to suggest that

Question 19 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to

evidential ism

Question 20 It is a commonly accepted fact that it is impossible to be certain about any belief

(Set:10)

Question 1 By “high accessibility requirements” the internalist means:

Question 2 To say that a belief is defeasible is to say;

Question 3 Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.

Question 4 David Hume was a:

Question 5 The doxastic assumption is:

Question 6 Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.

Question 7 Aristotle’s notion of happiness focused on:

Question 8 Humility helps us fight against intellectual vices like pride and vanity that keep us from seeing the truth.

Question 9 Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.

Question 10 Virtue epistemologists think that intellectual virtues might helps us with the Gettier problem by:

Question 11 To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated expressions.

Question 12 Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.

Question 13 When the used car salesman tells Steve that the particular car he is considering purchasing has less than fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years old and looks a little worse for wear. In exhibiting this level of doubt, Steve is expressing:

Question 14 If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.

Question 15 What is the point of Descartes’ evil demon argument?

Question 16 Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

Question 17 If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and finetuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has

Question 18

If a person thinks she has a moral responsibility to determine that any belief she

holds is based on sufficient evidence, that is, evidence that strikes her as being based on

indisputably good reasons or arguments, she is likely representing the epistemological position of

Question 19

Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?

Question 20

According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.