To what extent did external intervention in Africa impact opportunities for economic strength and independence?

Do the nations that colonized Africa bear a responsibility to invest in development initiatives in African nations? MLA in-text citations, proper formatting, and a Works Cited page. more than 750 word you most include citation from these article 1.https://spark.adobe.com/page/MRiXpPDEgoFRI/. and 2.https://spark.adobe.com/page/VP01KsWFgZXZC/.